BS1 Course Outlines Pak Studies, BOL

Article by: Syed Manzoor Ahmad

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BS1 Course Outlines Pak Studies,  BOL

1-What is meant by Two nation theory?

The Two Nation Theory is the idea that Hindus and Muslims of India are two distinct and separate nations with their own unique cultures, histories, and identities, and that they cannot live together in one unified state. The theory emerged in the late 19th century and gained prominence during the Indian independence movement in the early 20th century, leading to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

The Two Nation Theory was first propounded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, a Muslim reformer and educationist, in the late 19th century. He argued that Hindus and Muslims were separate nations and that they should be treated as such. According to him, Muslims should not join the Indian National Congress, which was dominated by Hindus, but should instead form their own political party.

The idea gained further momentum in the early 20th century with the emergence of the All India Muslim League, which was founded in 1906. The League demanded greater political rights for Muslims and called for the creation of a separate Muslim state in the northwestern and northeastern regions of India.

The Two Nation Theory became more widely accepted among Muslims in the wake of the 1937 elections in British India, in which the Muslim League failed to win a majority of seats despite receiving a majority of Muslim votes. The League claimed that the election result showed that Muslims could not achieve their political objectives within a united India and that a separate state was necessary.

The partition of India in 1947 was the culmination of the Two Nation Theory. The Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded the creation of a separate Muslim state, which led to the formation of Pakistan. India was divided into two countries: India, with a Hindu majority, and Pakistan, with a Muslim majority.

The Two Nation Theory remains a contentious issue in India and Pakistan. Supporters of the theory argue that it was necessary to protect the rights and interests of Muslims, while critics argue that it was a divisive and flawed concept that led to the partition of India and the displacement of millions of people.

2-What is meant by Federation? Or What is federation in Pakistan?

Federation is a political system in which power is shared between a central government and constituent political units, such as states or provinces. In a federation, the central government has limited powers that are defined in a written constitution, while the constituent units have their own separate governments and retain significant powers.

Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic, which means that power is shared between the central government and the four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan), as well as the Islamabad Capital Territory. Each province has its own legislative assembly, chief minister, and governor, and is responsible for a range of issues including education, healthcare, and policing. The federal government, on the other hand, is responsible for issues that affect the country as a whole, such as defense, foreign affairs, and the management of the economy.

The Constitution of Pakistan provides for a federal system of government, and outlines the distribution of powers between the federal government and the provinces. The country has a bicameral parliament, with the National Assembly and Senate making up the legislative branch. The President of Pakistan is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government.

In summary, federation in Pakistan refers to the political system in which power is shared between the central government and the provinces, with each level of government having its own separate powers and responsibilities.

3-Who was Sir Syril Radcliffe? Explain his role in partition of sub-continent.

Sir Cyril Radcliffe was a British lawyer who was tasked with the responsibility of drawing the boundary line between India and Pakistan during the partition of India in 1947. He was appointed as the chairman of the Boundary Commission, which was formed to demarcate the boundary line between the two newly created nations of India and Pakistan.

Radcliffe arrived in India in June 1947, and he was given just five weeks to complete the task of drawing the boundary line, which was a massive challenge given the complexity of the situation. The partition of India was accompanied by widespread violence, riots, and communal clashes, and millions of people were forced to migrate across the newly created border.

Despite these challenges, Radcliffe completed the task of drawing the boundary line on August 17, 1947. His boundary line, known as the Radcliffe Line, was based on religious demographics, with the Muslim-majority areas being assigned to Pakistan and the Hindu-majority areas being assigned to India.
However, the partition of India was a traumatic event in the history of the subcontinent, and the legacy of Radcliffe's role in the partition is still debated. Some argue that his decision to draw the boundary line based on religious demographics was flawed and contributed to the violence that accompanied the partition, while others argue that he had no choice but to work within the constraints of the situation he was given.

4-Write down the objectives of Foreign Policy Of Pakistan. Or 

    Write down the objectives of Foreign Policy Of Pakistan 1947-2009

The foreign policy of Pakistan from 1947 to 2009 has been shaped by various regional and global geopolitical realities. Some of the primary objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy during this period can be summarized as follows:

Security: One of the primary objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy has been to ensure its national security and territorial integrity. This has led to close relations with countries such as the United States, China, and Saudi Arabia, which have provided military and economic assistance to Pakistan.

Kashmir: Another important objective of Pakistan's foreign policy has been to seek a resolution to the Kashmir dispute with India. Pakistan has sought to highlight the issue internationally and has supported the Kashmiri struggle for self-determination.

Economic development: Pakistan has also pursued a foreign policy that seeks to promote economic development and attract foreign investment. This has led to closer ties with countries such as China and the United States, which have invested heavily in Pakistan's infrastructure and industry.

Regional stability: Pakistan has also sought to promote regional stability and cooperation. This has led to closer ties with its neighbors, such as China, Iran, and Afghanistan, and to active participation in regional organizations such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).

Muslim unity: Pakistan has also sought to promote unity among the Muslim countries of the world. This has led to close ties with countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, as well as active participation in organizations such as the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

Overall, Pakistan's foreign policy has been driven by a desire to ensure its security, promote its economic development, and play an active role in regional and global affairs.

5- Shortly explain objective resolution of Pakistan 1949.

The Objective Resolution of Pakistan was a landmark resolution adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on March 12, 1949. It was moved by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and was passed unanimously by the Assembly.

The Objective Resolution declared that the sovereignty of Pakistan belongs to Allah alone and that the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice, as enunciated by Islam, shall be fully observed. The resolution aimed to guide the future constitution-making process of Pakistan and to lay down the basic principles of governance in the country.

The resolution stated that the future constitution of Pakistan would be based on the principles of democracy, Islamic social justice, and equality of opportunity. It emphasized that the constitution would not be framed on a purely secular basis, but rather on the principles of Islam, which would provide the fundamental basis for the legal system in Pakistan.

The Objective Resolution was a significant step towards the Islamization of Pakistan's legal system and society. It was the first step in the process of Islamization that continued in the subsequent years and decades, leading to the adoption of Islamic laws and the establishment of Islamic institutions in the country.

The Objective Resolution has been included in the preamble of the Constitution of Pakistan as a guiding principle, and its spirit has been reflected in various constitutional provisions and laws enacted in Pakistan.

6- Shortly explain 1st and 3rd RTC(Round Table Conferences)

The 1st and 3rd Round Table Conferences were a series of meetings held in London, England in 1930 and 1932-1933, respectively. These conferences were called by the British government to discuss and negotiate constitutional reforms for India, which was then a British colony.

The 1st Round Table Conference was held from November 12, 1930, to January 19, 1931. It was attended by representatives from various political parties in India, as well as from the princely states and the British government. The conference was chaired by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The main focus of the conference was the discussion of the proposed government of India act, which would give India greater autonomy in its governance. However, the conference failed to reach a consensus on the terms of the act, and no agreement was reached.

The 3rd Round Table Conference was held from November 17, 1932, to December 24, 1932, and then from January 20, 1933, to March 2, 1933. It was attended by a broader range of Indian political parties and interest groups than the 1st conference, including representatives of the Indian National Congress who had previously boycotted the conferences. The conference was again chaired by Ramsay MacDonald. The main focus of the conference was the discussion of the proposed government of India act and the issue of communal representation. This conference also failed to reach a consensus on the terms of the act, and no agreement was reached.

The failure of these conferences to produce a consensus on constitutional reforms for India was a significant setback for Indian nationalist movements, which had been hoping for greater autonomy and self-governance. However, the conferences did help to increase the visibility of Indian political leaders on the world stage, and they paved the way for future negotiations that eventually led to Indian independence in 1947

7-What did the Lahore Resolution decide?

The Lahore Resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution, was a political resolution passed by the All India Muslim League on March 23, 1940, during a three-day conference held in Lahore, British India. The resolution called for the creation of an independent Muslim state in the northwestern regions of British India, which would later become Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947.

The resolution stated that the Muslims of India, who were then a minority, were a separate nation and that they should have their own independent homeland. The resolution was seen as a significant milestone in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule in India, and it paved the way for the creation of Pakistan as a separate state for the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent.

OR

The Lahore Resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution, was passed on March 23, 1940, during a meeting of the All India Muslim League in Lahore, British India. The resolution called for the creation of an independent Muslim state in the northwestern and northeastern regions of British India, which would be comprised of Muslim-majority areas.

The Lahore Resolution was a response to the failure of negotiations between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, which had been working towards a unified, independent India. The resolution was presented by A.K. Fazlul Huq, the Prime Minister of Bengal, and seconded by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab.

The resolution stated that "the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute 'Independent States' in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign." This resolution marked the beginning of the demand for a separate Muslim state, which eventually led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, following the partition of India.

8-Write down the Cripps proposals.

The Cripps proposals refer to a set of economic proposals put forward by Sir Stafford Cripps, a British politician and economist, in 1942 during World War II. The proposals were aimed at tackling the British economic crisis during the war and creating a post-war economy that was more equitable and efficient.

The main features of the Cripps proposals included:

Austerity measures: Cripps proposed a series of austerity measures, such as increasing taxes, reducing government spending, and increasing food and commodity rationing. The aim was to reduce inflation, balance the budget, and conserve resources for the war effort.

Production controls: Cripps proposed that the government should have greater control over production and distribution of goods and services. This would involve setting up a planned economy that would coordinate production and ensure that resources were allocated efficiently.

Nationalization: Cripps proposed that key industries, such as coal, iron and steel, and railways, should be nationalized. This would ensure that the government had greater control over these industries and could direct their production to meet the needs of the war effort.

Social welfare: Cripps proposed that the government should introduce measures to improve social welfare, such as the introduction of a national health service, pensions, and unemployment insurance. This would help to alleviate poverty and reduce inequality.

International economic cooperation: Cripps proposed that Britain should work closely with other countries to establish a new international economic order that would promote cooperation, peace, and prosperity. This would involve the establishment of an international organization to regulate trade and finance.

The Cripps proposals were controversial and faced opposition from many quarters, including some members of the government and business community. However, they played a significant role in shaping the post-war economic policies of Britain and other countries.

Quaid-i-Azam considered these proposals as “unsatisfactory” and was of the view that the acceptance of the Cripps proposals would “take the Muslims to the gallows.” He said that the proposals have “aroused our deepest anxieties and grave apprehensions, specially with reference to Pakistan Scheme which is a matter of life and death for Muslim India.

9-What was the 3rd June Plan Of Pakistan? OR What was the Plan and its main clauses?

The 3rd June Plan of 1947, also known as the Mountbatten Plan, was a proposal put forward by Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, for the partition of British India into two separate dominions of India and Pakistan. The main clauses of the plan are as follows:

British India would be divided into two separate and independent dominions of India and Pakistan, which would have their own constituent assemblies to draft their respective constitutions.

The Hindu-majority areas would form India, while the Muslim-majority areas in the northwest and northeast of India would form Pakistan.

The princely states would be given the option to accede to either India or Pakistan or to remain independent.

The partition of Punjab and Bengal provinces would be on a communal basis, with the districts with a Muslim majority going to Pakistan, and those with a Hindu and Sikh majority going to India. The city of Lahore, which had a significant Hindu and Sikh population, would be part of Pakistan.

A Boundary Commission would be appointed to determine the exact boundaries between India and Pakistan.

The plan also proposed the division of the assets and liabilities of the British Indian government and the armed forces between the two new dominions.

The plan set a timeline for the transfer of power: August 15, 1947, was fixed as the date for the independence of both India and Pakistan.

The plan was accepted by the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, but it was opposed by some other political parties and groups, leading to violence and mass migration during and after the partition. The plan was made public on June 3, and is thus known as the June 3rd Plan.

10-Write down the main five problems facing Pakistan 1947.

At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the country faced several significant challenges. Here are the main five problems that Pakistan faced:

Partition: The partition of India led to one of the largest mass migrations in human history, with millions of people uprooted and forced to move to either India or Pakistan based on their religious affiliation. The mass migration resulted in communal violence, deaths, and property damage.

Kashmir Conflict: The Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan began in 1947 and has been a source of tension and conflict ever since. The dispute led to several wars between the two countries, and the issue remains unresolved to this day.

Economic Challenges: Pakistan inherited an economy that was heavily dependent on agriculture, with limited industrial and infrastructural development. The country lacked the resources and infrastructure required to meet the basic needs of its growing population.

Political Instability: Pakistan faced political instability from the very beginning, with several changes in government and multiple coups. The country struggled to establish a stable political system, resulting in a weak democratic culture, political polarization, and an ineffective bureaucracy.

National Identity: Pakistan was created as a homeland for the Muslims of the subcontinent, but its national identity was still evolving. The country had to define its identity, culture, and values while managing the diversity of its people, languages, and cultures.

11-Explain Elected Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO) and Public Offices Disqualification Order (PODO)

OR

Explain laws made by Ayub Khan , EBDO (Elective Body Disqualification Order).

Ayub Khan, the former President of Pakistan, introduced the Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO) in August 1959 and the Public Offices Disqualification Order (PODO) in 1960.

The EBDO gave the government the power to disqualify elected representatives from holding public office on the grounds of corruption or unethical behavior. This law was used to remove political opponents and consolidate Ayub Khan's power.

Similarly, the PODO allowed the government to disqualify civil servants, judges, and other public officials from holding public office on similar grounds. This law was also used to remove opponents and ensure loyalty to Ayub Khan's regime.

These laws were widely criticized for being undemocratic and authoritarian in nature, and they were seen as tools to suppress political dissent and opposition. They were eventually repealed after Ayub Khan's ouster in 1969.

12-Shortly explain the purpose of Simon Commission.

The Simon Commission was established in 1927 by the British Government to review and make recommendations on the constitutional framework for India. Its official name was the "Statutory Commission on Indian Constitutional Reform," and it was headed by Sir John Simon, a British politician and lawyer. The Commission was composed entirely of British members and had no representation from India.

The main purpose of the Simon Commission was to assess the progress of constitutional reforms in India and recommend further changes that would lead to a more representative and effective governance structure. Specifically, the Commission was tasked with the following objectives:

To examine the working of the Government of India Act of 1919 and assess its effectiveness in meeting the needs of India.

To recommend changes to the constitution of India that would increase Indian participation in governance and strengthen democratic institutions.

To review the administrative and financial arrangements of British India and suggest measures for their improvement.

However, the Simon Commission was met with widespread protests and opposition in India, as it was seen as a means for the British to prolong their rule and maintain their dominance over India. The Commission's failure to include any Indian members was seen as a direct affront to Indian aspirations for self-rule and led to a surge of nationalist sentiment in the country. The protests and demonstrations against the Simon Commission ultimately led to the demand for full independence, which was achieved in 1947.

13-How many amendments have been made in 1973 constitution and explain 8th and 18th amendments?

The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan has been amended 26 times.

The 8th Amendment was passed in 1985 during the military rule of General Zia-ul-Haq. This amendment gave the President of Pakistan the power to dissolve the National Assembly and remove the Prime Minister, as well as the power to appoint the three service chiefs. It also made several changes to the powers of the judiciary, giving the President the power to appoint judges and increasing the power of the Supreme Court to review laws. The 8th Amendment was repealed in 2010.

The 18th Amendment was passed in 2010 during the democratic rule of Pakistan People's Party (PPP). This amendment restored the Constitution to its original form before the military rule of General Zia-ul-Haq, by reducing the power of the President and transferring it to the Prime Minister and Parliament. It also abolished the concurrent legislative list, transferring the subjects to the provinces, and gave more autonomy to the provinces. Additionally, the amendment made changes to the appointment and tenure of judges and established a Judicial Commission to appoint judges. The 18th Amendment is considered to be a significant step towards strengthening democracy and federalism in Pakistan.

14-Explain Day Of Deliverance

The Day of Deliverance, also known as Youm-e-Nijat, is a significant event in the history of Indo-Pakistan, which occurred on December 22, 1939. It marked a political protest by the Muslim League against the British government's discriminatory policies towards Muslims in India.

The Muslim League, a political party representing the interests of Muslims in India, had called for a nationwide protest on this day. The protest was in response to the British government's refusal to grant the League's demand for a separate Muslim state in India.

On this day, Muslim League leaders, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, held a public rally in Lahore, which was attended by thousands of Muslims from across the country. The rally was meant to show the strength and unity of the Muslim community in India and to protest against the British government's discriminatory policies.

The leaders of the Muslim League used this opportunity to call for a separate Muslim state in India, which later led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947. The Day of Deliverance was a significant milestone in the struggle for the rights and recognition of Muslims in India and played a crucial role in the eventual partition of India.

In summary, the Day of Deliverance was a significant event in the history of Indo-Pakistan, which marked a political protest by the Muslim League against the British government's discriminatory policies towards Muslims in India and laid the foundation for the eventual creation of Pakistan.